(1) Reading: Understand Vocabulary form Context

 



Passage One (Questions 1 – 5)

                                                                                    SMOG


 The oxidation of exhaust gases is one of the primary sources of the world’s pollution. The brown haze that is poised over some of the world’s largest cities is properly called photochemical smog; it results from chemical reactions that take place in the air, using the energy of sunlight. The production of smog begins when gases are created in the cylinders of vehicle engines. It is there that oxygen and nitrogen gas combine as the fuel burns to form nitric oxide (NO), a colorless gas. The nitric oxide is forced out into the air through the vehicle tailpipe along with other gases.
  When the gas reaches the air, it comes into contact with available oxygen from the atmosphere and combines with the oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide  (NO2), which is a gas with a brownish hue. This nitrogen dioxide plays a role in the formation of acid rain in wetter or more humid climates and tends to decompose back into nitric oxide as it releases an oxygen atom from each molecule; the released oxygen atoms quickly combine with oxygen (O2) molecules to form ozone (O3). The brownish colored nitrogen dioxide is partially responsible for the brown color in smoggy air; the ozone is the toxic substance that causes irritation to eyes.

 

1. The word poised in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

      A. interacting

      B. sitting

      C. blowing

      D. poisoning

 

 

2. The phrase take place in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

      A. position themselves

      B. put

      C. are seated

      D. occur

 

 

3. The word forced in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by

      A. obliged

      B. required

      C. pushed

      D. commanded

 

4. The word hue in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

      (A) color

      (B) odor

      (C) thickness

      (D) smoke

 

5. the phrase plays a role in in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

      (A) makes fun of

      (B) serves a function in

      (C) acts the part of

      (D) moves about in


 

Passage two (questions 6 -10)

                                                                               AUTISM


  Autism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by severe behavioral abnormalities across all primary areas of functioning. Its onset is often early; it generally makes itself known by the age of two and one-half. It is not a single disease entity but is instead a syndrome defined by patterns and characteristics of behavior; it, therefore, most likely has multiple etiologies rather than a single causative factor. Autism is not fully understood and thus is controversial with respect to diagnosis, etiology, and treatment strategies.

 

6. The word primary in the passage could best be replaced by

      (A) elementary

      (B) main

      (C) introductory

      (D) primitive

 

7. The word onset in the passage is closest in meaning to

      (A) placement

      (B) arrangement

      (C) support

      (D) beginning

 

8. The word syndrome in the passage is closest in meaning to

      (A) concurrent set of symptoms

      (B)  feeling euphoria

      (C) mental breakdown

      (D) repetitive task

 

9. The word etiologies in the passage is closest in meaning to

      (A) symptoms

      (B) patterns

      (C) causes

      (D) onsets

 

10. The phrase with respect to in the pasaje could best be replaced by

      (A) with dignity toward

      (B) in regard to

      (C) irrespective of

      (D) out of politeness for

 

 


Passage Three  (Questions 11-15)

 


PARASITIC PLANTS


 

  Parasitic plants are plants that survive by using food produced by host plants rather than by producing their own food from the Sun’s energy. Because they do not need sunlight to survive, parasitic plants are generally found  in umbrageous areas rather than in areas exposed to direct sunlight. Parasitic plants attach themselves to host plants, often to the stems or roots, by means of haustoria, which the parasite uses to make its way into the food channels of the host  plant and absorb the nutrients that it needs to survive from the host plant.

  The world’s heaviest flower, a species of rafflesia, is a parasite that flourishes among, and lives off of, the roots of jungle vines. Each of these ponderous blooms can weigh up to 15 pounds (7 kg) and can measure up to 3 feet (1m ) across.


11. The word umbrageous in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) moist

(B) well lit

(C) shaded

(D) buried

 

12. Haustoria in paragraph 1 are most likely 

(A) offshoots from the parasite

(B) seeds of the host plant

(C) fruits from the host plant

(D) food for the parasite

 

13. The phrase make its way into in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) develop

(B) penetrate

(C) outline

(D) eat

 

14. The word ponderous in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) smelly

(B) hidden

(C) mature

(D) heavy

 

15. The word across in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

(A) in diameter

(B) on the other side

(C) at a distance

(D) inside and out



 

Passage Four (Questions 16-24)


 

                                                                                         EDNA FERBER


 


   Edna Ferber (1887-1968)  was a popular American novelist in the first half of the twentieth century. She embarked on her career by working as a newspaper reported in Wisconsin and soon begin writing novels. Her first novel, Dawn O’Hara, the Girl Who Laughed, was published in 1911, when she was only twenty-four years old.

   Her big break came with the novel So Big (1924), which was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in Literature. The main conflict in the novel is between a mother whoplaces a high value on hard work and honor and a son who repudiateshis mother’s values, instead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebrity. Like many of Ferber’s novels, this novel features a tenacious female protagonist with strong character who struggles to deal with ethical dilemmas about the importance of status and money.

  Probably the best known of Ferber’s novels was Show Boat (1926), which tells the story of a Southern woman married to a charismatic but irresponsible man who leaves her with a daughter she must take great pains to support. In 1927, the novel was made into a musical that has endured to the present.

  Other well-known novels by Ferber include Cimarron (1930) and Giant (1952), both .of which were made into movies. These were epic novels about the settlement and growth of the West, centering on strong female lead characters who marry men lacking the same strength of character.


16. The phrase embarked on in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to 

(A) took a trip to

(B) started out on

(C) improved upon

(D) had an opinion about

 

17. The word break in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

(A) rupture

(B) revelation

(C) opportunity

(D) rest

 

18. The word places in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

(A) locates

(B) puts

(C) recites

(D) positions

 

19. The word repudiates in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) refuses to accept

(B) lives up to

(C) tries to understand

(D) makes the best of

 

20. The word protagonist in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) arch enemy

(B) voracious reader

(C) skilled worker

(D) lead character

 

21. The phrase take great pains in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) work diligently

(B) recognize hurtfully

(C) accept unequivocally

(D) hurt agonizingly

 

22. The word endured in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) lasted

(B) tested

(C) waited

(D) limited

 

23. The word epic in paragraph 4 could best be replaced by

(A) lengthy narrative

(B) detailed non-fictional

(C) emotionally romantic

(D) rousing Western

 

24. The phrase centering on in paragraph 4 could best be replaced by

(A) circling around

(B) pointing to

(C) focusing on

(D) arranging for





  


 

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